Primary language summary of knowledge points

 Pinyin
primary language of a knowledge point, review the main points.
1, was confirmed read consonants, vowels, and remember to recognize and read the whole syllable 16 .2, memorize upper and lower case letters written.
3, skilled, accurate spelling syllables, with literacy, pinyin, pronunciation, reading and learning Mandarin .4, master Pinyin spelling rules.
5, pronunciation tones, press Chinese syllable spelling rules to the standard tone.
Second, the knowledge platform.
1, 23 master pinyin consonants, 24 vowels and 16 to recognize and read the whole syllable.
(1) Initials: bpmfdtnlgkhjqx zh ch sh rzcsyw
(2) vowel: e ① Single-finals (6): aoeiuu
② compound finals (9): ai ei ui ao ou iu ie ue er (special vowel)
③ nose finals (9): an en in un un ang eng ing ong
(3) to recognize and read the whole syllable: zhi chi shi ri zi ci si yi wu yu ye yue yin yun yuan ying
2, memorize Pinyin alphabet, , with literacy, pinyin, pronunciation, reading and learning Mandarin.
(1) the two spellings: the former, after a short audio tone light weight, two-tone linked to fierce touch.
gou zao lang bei qū gǎn hong qi < br> panic driven tectonic Red Flag (2) three spellings: Sound light medium fast finals bright, three tone tonal is boxed lunch.
Piao liang qiǎo miao xiǎo jiang biān jiāng
pretty clever teenager Frontier 4, the correct pronunciation tones .
pronunciation of the high and low, upward and downward changes tone sounds, it is an integral part of the syllable, it is important, there are differences between the role of the meaning of words. the same syllable will be marked with different tones have different pronunciations, but also also mean different things. such as: bāo (package) bao (hail) bǎo (full) bao (hold). Putonghua only four tones are divided into IA (-), Yang Ping (), rising tone (), the next sound ( ), their readings are: sound level, the second tone Yang, turning three times, four tones down.
5, read write standard tuning formulas.
tone symbols marked on the main vowel syllables, and may be credited formulas: see a mother left off, there is no a mother looking for o, e, i, u parallel standard in the post, without saying a single vowel; i do not write on the standard tuning point, met quietly not standard tuning. such as: recess (xiū hui) .
6, sound understanding of the role and use of symbols.
in the r) separated. insulation symbol (r) written in the top left of the middle two syllables before and after. such as: piǎo (float) pirǎo (coats).
7, pay attention to two points on the u write the rules in order to save. < br> spelling syllable to the beginning of the vowel u and the consonants j, q, x juxtaposition time, u want to save the two, such as: giant (ju ren), to the beginning of finals and initials u n, l juxtaposition time, u the two provinces can not write, because consonants n, l can u juxtaposition with the finals. If the land (lu di), green (lǜ di).
8, pay attention to children of sound change. < br> , called the children of the rhyme. spellings child of rhyme, as long as the child of a syllable with a vowel after the Alice retroflex. z, c, s and zh, ch, sh is the tip of the tongue after the tone, articulation tongue curled against the upper palate (e) the former, which is called Alice retroflex.
to z, c, s do initials of the word, the word is flat retroflex; to zh, ch, sh do initials of the word, the word is Alice retroflex.
10, to master the use of capital letters.
① the beginning of a sentence the first letter should be capitalized. if: Yi tiao da yu you dao hǎi dǐ qu le.
② the beginning of each line of poetry the first letter should be capitalized. if: Chuang qian mǐng yue guāng, Yi shi di shang shuāng. < br> ③ country names, place names, and other special terms to write continuously, the first capital letter. such as: Shanghǎi Lanzhōu.
④ Terms names of two operators, first and last name the first letter should be capitalized. such as: Mao Ze dōng.
⑤ book covers, promotional slogans, names and other trademarks and stores all the spelling words in capital letters, then you can not mark tone, such as: JINDASHANGSHANGSHA.
Chinese one, review points
1, common understanding about 3,000 Chinese characters to master 2500 Chinese characters, able to read standard pronunciation, look for shape, learn the meaning of words.
2, Analysis of shape near the word, homophone, multi-tone and multi-meaning words.
3, to master Chinese characters the basic strokes, stroke order rules, between radicals and the frame structure, know some basic knowledge of Chinese characters.
4, master sequencer search word method, and several radical search lettering three strokes law dictionary word search method .
5, correct, neat way to write Chinese characters, neat ranks, there is a certain speed.
Second, the knowledge platform
1, know about 3000 Chinese characters to master 2500 Chinese characters, each character should be do pronunciation, look for shape, learn the meaning of words, and write accurately, the use of.
2, master Chinese characters sound, form, meaning.
3, pay attention to write the correct word. ① when writing Chinese characters by started to write to the closing document called Na (Dian), put (), hook (), fold (). ② radicals of Chinese characters position in the Chinese characters, there are basically eight cases.
A, in the above, such as: other () Division B, in the following, such as: cooked () of C, on the left, such as: to accompany () of D, on the right, such as: all () of E, on the outside, such as: storm () of F, in the middle, such as: Wu () of G, in the corners, such as: planting (Ge) of H, use the word started to write some strokes for the radical, standing on the edge (|) Department, bearing (B) of
③ memorize the following three tables, in order to lay the foundation for writing Chinese characters correctly.
(Table I) the name of the table
Stroke Chinese Character Name the name of cases of stroke patients with word words write hook point Jing Wang Wang pricked hook

Team Ten water hook vertical erection
family who put
people write one sentence review of some key points
【】
1, know what is the sentence, from the tone and the role of the type of sentence on the understanding of .2, extended sentences and sentence reduction to practice. 3, some common understanding of rhetoric .4, and modify the common understanding of wrong sentences .5, the sentence transformation exercises. 6, master the use of punctuation.
】 【knowledge platform < br> (a) of the sentence and the type of
1, know what is the sentence.
sentence is constituted by the word or phrase, to express a complete thought, and its composition in the form of help.
2, to distinguish declarative, interrogative, imperative sentences, exclamatory sentences of four sentence types.
declarative sentence: to tell people one thing the sentence, end of the sentence with a full stop. such as: I visited the Great Wall. questions to: sentence people to ask questions, end of the sentence with a question mark. such as: Why do the days never to return? imperative: people come to the requirements of the sentence, generally with a full stop end of the sentence, sometimes with an exclamation point. such as: oil storage powerhouse, please Do not smoke!
exclamation: with happiness, surprise, disgust and other strong feelings of sentence, end of the sentence with an exclamation point. such as: our life more happy ah!
(b) change the sentence
【 ],[
1, the words are words, declarative sentences of the exchange;
2, Affirmative, Double Negative exchange;
3, declarative sentences, rhetorical questions, exclamatory sentences in exchange;
4, the direct exchange of references and quoted sentence.
【】
should be a test center, the words are words, declarative sentences of the exchange.
the actions and objects that move in front, and the action the word action occurs in front of those with a can not be changed.
【link】
questions he clasped the old man's hand. (changes are the words to words)
(analysis) changes are the words, the subject and object exchange location Add ; word on the object before the end of a sentence on the predicate.
(answer)
old hand he grasped tightly. (Ba)
old man clasped his hands the. (by words)
two declarative sentences, rhetorical questions, exclamatory rhetorical question is not the exchange
questions to each other, need each other to answer, but with the rhetorical question (asked) to emphasize a problem of tone to express certain emotions. It is a special form of questions and does not need to answer, the answer to the sentence, end of the sentence with a question mark; become exclamatory declarative sentences, the general added,
(analysis) declarative sentences varying rhetorical questions, coupled with period into a question mark. The question in the affirmative declarative sentence into a rhetorical question, to add a negative term, meaning that the negative; into directly with exclamatory interjections.
(answer) Is not he a good man do ?
He is really a good ah!
three, Affirmative, Double Negative exchange
add a sentence in a negative form of the negative meaning of the expression of positive, emphasizing the absolute fact, stronger firmer tone .
【link】
exam I have to go to the library. (change double negative sentence)
(analysis) Double Negative tone of something more than affirmative sentences, but Juyi the same, the method is plus two negative words: directly change the narrative for
indirect narrative, to note three points: First, change the punctuation; second is to change the personal pronouns; third is to look at the content of the sentence. Some sentences in the individual and a small amount of text to be unchanged, but not change the meaning of the sentence.
【link】
exam Wang Liang said: first person 【Note】
content and structure of point defects in a sentence called the wrong sentences. common wrong sentences are:
component defects; with himself; repeat wordy; word order reversed; contradictory; misnomer; refer to the unknown; improper classification; substandard affair; so vague.
】 【should test sites
1, first find out the backbone of the sentence, the sentence is complete inspection, with propriety.
2, if the sentence is not wrong with the trunk, to check whether the auxiliary components and the trunk with the right.
3, check whether the logic of the sentence, word order is reasonable to refer to clear, with or without logical errors.
4, if indeed there is an error, started writing to modify the .
questions】 【links
(1) learning the initiative to those who learn this lesson? who have been educated?
(answer) to learn Great Wall, Palace Museum, the Terracotta Warriors and the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and other sites.
(analysis) is the cause of this sentence mismatches. According to common sense knows that the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge are not monuments.
(answer) I visited the Miles Great Wall, Palace Museum, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and the Terracotta Warriors and other sites.
(3) Autumn in Beijing is a fascinating season.
(analysis) is the cause of this sentence word order is unreasonable. and Juan classmates not to.
(analysis) is the cause of the sentence before and after the self-contradictory, (answer) to the class in addition to Juan did not, the rest were in attendance.
(5) to see the great works Represented left, many foreign tourists are not impressed residence.
( analysis) the cause of this sentence is repeated wordy, engineering, many foreign tourists are not impressed residence.
(6) entered the garden, I smell the fragrance and the sweet waves of birds singing.
(of) common sense in this sentence there is the phenomenon of substandard, how can smell the sound of it?
(answer) entered the garden, I smell the sweet waves of fragrance and hear birds singing.
(d) expansion of sentences and sentence reduction point
【Note】
sentence is extended by adding the words to simple sentences expanded to a concrete, vivid image of the sentence.
reduced sentence is to long, complex sentences reduced, remove all or part of the additional ingredients, leaving the main section.
【sentence should be expanded those ignorant
sentence is the main part of the first draw, find the main part of the increase can be clearly indicated where modifications to limit the composition, expansion of the past to think about what kind of words You can also catch the main component of the sentence that he raised some questions. If the answer to a question raised, that is, during the extended period.
reduced sentence may be three steps:
1, first sentence into Who, Words connected complete sentences.
questions】 【links
1, my mother bought the orange. (extended period)
(analysis) this means the expression is not specific. If we add restrictions modified component will be fully expressed clearly. Methods: First, ask questions, who's mother? Where to buy oranges? bought what kind of oranges? and insert the appropriate words, this is the process of expanding sentences.
(reference answer) Kobayashi's mother bought a bag from the fruit shop yellow orange.
2, voice broke the silence. (extended writing sentences)
(analysis) what kind of song? where the silence? according to their own questions fill in the appropriate modification to limit terms.
(Passage)
sweet voice suddenly broke the silence of wilderness.
3, I am always with deep gratitude and remembered my mind sees enlightened teachers. (reduced sentence)
(analysis) reduced sentence based on the steps, his first sentence can be divided into , and then link the main word.
(Passage)
I miss enlightenment teachers.
4, respectable old scientists quietly thinking this difficult problem.
(analysis) reduced sentence based on the steps, ask br> master metaphor, personification, parallelism, hyperbole, rhetorical question, asked the question whether such rhetoric.
【
should be to master those ignorant of the characteristics of several rhetorical devices:
1, the comparison is with concrete, plain , it is easy to understand things that go to the abstract, esoteric, it is something strange analogy. a body and Figures of Speech in Vehicles and Metaphor.
2, to be things as a person who is to write, give them people's thoughts and feelings, and talk like people, have feelings.
3, an exaggeration to describe things is to intentionally exaggerated or out, make it more clear, more prominent.
4, with a question to ask is expressed more strongly than positive emotions.
5, asked the question is rhetorical, question and answer.
6, the same or similar structure, consistent tone, meaning closely related to the phrase of three or more , lined up a sentence, is parallelism.
questions】 【links
1, the Communist Party is like the sun. (what rhetorical devices)
(analysis) body, if a group of girls dancing ballet. (what rhetorical devices)
(analysis) this statement is to the metaphor, personification of two rhetorical devices. (answer) metaphor, personification.
3, horse run faster, farther away from the state of Chu was not it? (What rhetorical devices)
(analysis) with the form of questions the meaning of the expression of certain horses run faster mm farther away from the state of Chu. (answers) to ask.
4, who is accurate and timely hold the pulse of the sea, it followed the advance of the motherland jump together? is their battle stations in the ocean marine workers. (what rhetorical devices)
(analysis) is a rhetorical phrase, causing readers to pay attention and think, answered immediately, it is set to ask. In addition, the sea is no pulse, and here the sea, as people write, it is also the use of the intended person. (answer) ask the question, to be human.
5, Wuling winding Teng ripples, Wumeng majestic walk Ni Wan. (what rhetorical devices)
(analysis) of this sentence deliberately rhetorical devices. (expand, shrink, advanced) (answers) exaggerated
6, our cadres must show concern for every soldier, and all the revolutionary ranks must care for each other, love and help each other.
(analysis ) used in conjunction in this sentence the same three structures, which means close contact with the phrases, and tips have a common language 】
will sentence the wrong words arranged in a smooth, finishing disorder of the sentence is the key to the relationship between sentences, to determine what the structure should be arranged.
】 【should test sites 1, to be arranged in several read silently a sentence twice to see what is the meaning .2 mainly with the and the relationship between sentences. (Writing order: chronological, things, places space conversion, etc.)
questions】 【links to the following malalignment of few words, rearrange the order of a certain.
() 1, he thought: This is who lost really bad hygiene. () 2, she saw a mass of white things on earth. () 3, suddenly, he saw a few students in cleaning a small playground, learning from Lei Feng to become a good thing. () 4, the class was over, Mary play in the playground. () 5, she quickly turned, picked up the embarrassment in that group just to see paper.
() 6, thinking about her to go if nothing had happened. () 7, went over to look, turned out to be a mass of white paper.
(analysis) to answer this question should first read the sentence carefully, understand its effect, the relationship between thinking and writing order. After reading analysis, we know that this passage is based on the sequence of events given. In general, the order of events given by the article should be accountable to the time and place, then we determine which is the first sentence of the first four. Then If incorrect, revise. (Answer) 4,2,7,1,6,3,5.
Punctuation symbol table
name

Example usage period
.
pause after the expiry of that sentence, for declarative sentence.
Beijing is the capital of the People's Republic.
question mark
?
said that after the expiry of a pause in questioning, for doubt, asked, based questions.
1, 1, you visited the Great do?
2, you do not sell thirteen?
exclamation
!
end of a sentence expressed strong feelings pause, for the exclamatory, imperative.
1, ah, well a world of light!
2, you get out!
comma,
,
that sentence juxtaposition of a pause between words or phrases.
tomatoes, eggplant, all vegetables, pumpkin.
comma
,
that the pause between words.
past days, such as smoke, are breeze scatters.
semicolon
;
that sentence pause between parallel sub-Q.
where there is exploitation, there is resistance; where there is oppression, where there is struggle. < br> colon
:
1, used to prompt below.
strike someone stole them: Which are? Where could he hide it?
2, said after the pause prompt language.
mother said: a pause.
mm hands so when the day from the basin in the past; to eat, the bowl over the past days.
3, that means turning or progressive.
the bag is very pretty, and loaded There are many things mm gone now.
Title No.
were impressed.
2, said talking on and off.
a weak voice he said: , words, sentences, paragraphs chapter of the comprehensive training, which reflects the level of awareness of each student and writing skills. So, how can write how to write? general should do: First, mentally sound, the center clear. II , specific, well organized. Third, the statement is fluent, coherent meaning.
four levels of detail properly prioritize. five, good observation, imaginative. VI, writing neatly, the correct format.
addition to the usual care observe things, understand and grasp the characteristics of the accumulation of actively and consciously writing materials, but also must have the moderation to determine the center, choice of materials, rules and layout, writing articles, writing the outline and modify the basic knowledge.
1, examine the topic. only accurate clear meaning of the questions the trial, a thorough understanding of the meaning of questions and solve the Three moderation methods are:
(1) Analysis: First the subject by the word apart, and then pondering a word a word, understanding the meaning of every word and understand the relationships between them. such as the more two or more pieces or something.
(2) Comparative Law: According to the given topic, the subject of their own to be several similar compared to ascertain the scope and requirements of their writing. such as writing, self, and consider one of the important issues well, and then assume control problems subject to the well organized, prioritized, appropriate levels of detail answer. such as What is the reason? how after she changed? What people say she has changed? In addition, the subject of special scrutiny should be carefully and understand the real meaning. such as help each other get to care for or feel.
2, determine the center of center is the soul of the article. teach you the method of center; the first, according to the questions asked determine the center. such as must have a clear focus on the topic is determine the center. such as writing, The problems are: (1) center is not obvious, to show a lot of problems, numerous clue. (2) inappropriate levels of detail, the focus is not prominent, tail wagging the dog. (3) selection of plain, not typical. Therefore, we should pay attention to two points : first, to select the material around the central idea of writing. Second, to choose their most familiar, real, original, classic events as the material.
4, the organization of materials, tissue materials, including two
: First, the arrangement of the material. What the first to write, write, after which, the article orderly 4) arranged by material aspects of things. (5) deeper layers of the central idea, progressive approach to arrangement material.
5, the preparation of outline outline includes: the central idea and paragraphs. an article in several layers, several paragraph, which the first written, which, after writing, which a little writing, which detailed writing, in the outline to reflect this. but can not write too much detail, not too simple, it is written in concise, practical and concrete. such as:
essay topic: snail interesting game center: game by snail narrative, reflecting the variety of children's extra-curricular life, the performance of children's interest in life.
material arrangements: (1) caught my cousin a few snails, to hold a contest. (omitted) (2) for the entry snail named, well prepared before the game. (omitted)
(3) match the performance of each snail. (Long) (4) Results . (omitted) (5) at the end. (omitted)
6, at the beginning of the beginning and end of the common methods are: (1) straight to the point and straightforward. (2) to explain the situation, explain the background. (3) description of the environment, rendering the atmosphere . (4) questions and fascinating. (5) How to tell stories, interesting. (5), said the first results of flashbacks at the beginning.
the end of the common methods are: (1) do a full, natural end. (2 ) summarized the theme, to express feelings. (3) Reference in the beginning, leave aftertaste. (4) implicitly end, spectacular.
7, transition and take care of the natural transition to be flexible, nexus, language coherence, mutual convergence. methods in general a transition section, three kinds of transitions and transitional words.
echoed between the context, that is, take care. Reference methods are generally three ways: before and after the care of end to end with the title and body take care of Reference.
8, modified composition changes Articles include: changes spelling and the use of the wrong word; modify the faulty sentences; modified with the wrong punctuation; sort out individual sentences and paragraphs reversed; to see whether the beginning of attractive, effective the end of it; see if the content of expressions unclear and the specific place; check and modify the center is not clear, do not focus on the problems.
Second, the thesis writing (half thesis writing)
【Review】 1 point to understand half of thesis writing thesis writing and the difference between
2, control characters physical description and psychological description of the method
3, regarding a person learning a few things with one person writing;
4, grasp the description of the scene, narrative in approach;
5, master spot observation , describing the scene of the method;
6, learn visit in mind that the wording of travel;
7, grasp the description of animals, plants and objects written narratives.
(a) write
1, master description of the method of attractiveness
to introduce a person, first of all should look like this person speak clearly. appearance characteristics, generally refers to people's looks, body, clothing, action, language and demeanor. description, be sure to write character features. The so-called features, that this person is different from other places.
2, master the psychological description of the method of character.
detailed comparison of the characters thoughts and feelings and inner activity description, known as the psychological description . psychological description, the main character's inner life writing, thinking mind that people, especially people in Hollywood to write in a specific environment of the inner conflicts, struggles. have a positive psychological description and side describes two methods described.
positive description , also known as a direct description, which is commonly used method, generally have the following three:
first person to borrow the author's pen to pour out their ideas, express their true feelings. used in the first person One thing to write, make sure you understand are clearly written, relevant content in this matter, was selected a few things you have to show the same characteristics of the same person, not a feature of the performance of one thing. The second is the best choice a few things not on the same occasion, the content is not similar, should be a ratio of one deep, depth. such as